Marketing Plan of a New Food Company MegCo Limited

Executive Summary MegCo is a private limited company that intends to venture into the UK coffee shop industry. The firm’s operations will entail producing and marketing a variety of specialty coffee.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Plan of a New Food Company: MegCo Limited specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Furthermore, the firm will provide customers with high quality specialty coffee. This will enable the firm to position itself as best specialty coffee-shop in the UK. In an effort to cope with the intense competition in the UK coffee shop market, the firm will invest in continuous product innovation. As a result, MegCo will be able to align its operations with the changing customer tastes and preferences. Situational analysis There are different models that businesses can integrate in an effort to understand the business environment. Some of these models include the PESTLE and the SWOT models ( Gilligan Hird 2008). PESTLE analysis of the UK market Best (2009) emphasises that â€Å"the PESTLE analysis model outlines the broad industry environment or the macro-environmental factors in which an organisation operates† (p.18). The model categorises the business environment into six factors, which include the economic, technological, political, legal, environmental, political and social factors. The PESTLE analysis model enables businesses to comprehend and predict the future and hence the likelihood of survival (Best 2009). The chart below illustrates the main PESTLE analysis variables. Moreover, appendix 1 shows a summary of the PESTLE analysis. Figure 1. Source: (Gillam, Yates Badrinath 2012)Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political environment The UK is characterised by a high level of political stability. This has led to development of an effective busin ess environment. The UK is a member of different economic zones and trading blocs such as the European Union, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the G20. This presents a perfect opportunity for MegCo to market its products to a large number of customers through internationalisation. Economic environment Over the past few years, the UK economy has experienced significant economic fluctuations such as the 2008 global economic recession and the sovereign debt crisis in the Euro Zone which occurred in 2012. According to Cha (2012), the sovereign debt crisis led to increment in the rate of unemployment with a margin of 11.2%. Consequently, most consumers have adjusted their purchasing patterns because of the high level of uncertainty about the future. Cha (2012) further asserts that â€Å"the consumers have reduced their spending on both big and small items such as cars and a cup of coffee† (para. 7). Despite the aforementioned economic fluctuations, it is expected that the UK will attain full economic recovery in the near future. Therefore, the likelihood of improvement in the consumers’ purchasing power is high. Thus, the consumers will afford various consumer products such as specialty coffee. A study conducted by This Money (2012) shows that increase in retail spending is one of the elements that will stimulate the country’s economic recovery. Social environment The UK citizens have developed a strong coffee drinking culture. This is evidenced by the fact that most UK citizens enjoy drinking coffee as they relax. Walsh (2011) opines that â€Å"it is estimated that approximately 511 million cups are consumed in the UK every week† (para.3). This trend makes the UK to be a viable investment destination. Thus, there is a high probability of MegCo maximising it sales revenue. Change in the consumers’ tastes and preferences may affect the firm’s sales. For example, the consumers might shift to other br ands of specialty coffee offered by competing firms. Another major social trend is evidenced by the fact that consumers are increasingly becoming health-conscious (Larson 2009). This might affect the firm’s ability to attain its sales objectives. Technological environment The high rate of technological innovation in the coffee shop market presents an opportunity for MegCo to produce high quality specialty coffee. Currently, there are different coffee-blending machines which have been developed. Thus, the firm can be able to produce high quality instant coffee.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marketing Plan of a New Food Company: MegCo Limited specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The emergence of e-commerce presents MegCo with an opportunity to increase its sales revenue by improving its marketing efficiency. Consumers have become technologically savvy in their consumption patterns (Kotter Schlesinger 2008). Therefore, it is imperative for MegCo to embrace emerging marketing technologies in order to maximise its profitability. Legal environment The UK government has implemented comprehensive laws which are aimed at protecting the SMEs. Some of these laws relate to intellectual property rights (IPRs) laws such as patents, trademarks and copyrights, which have made the country very attractive to foreign and local investors (Environmental Leader 2012). Moreover, the UK government has established a number of enterprise zones by offering a 5-year tax-holiday to investors who establish businesses in the special economic zones (Delloite 2011). Value chain- Michael Port and Porter’s five forces Grundy (2006) defines the Porter’s five forces as a model that enables businesses to understand the industry in which it operates using five main forces. These forces include supplier power, buyer power, new entrants, threat of competitors and threat of substitutes. Best (2009) emphasises that the model plays a critical role in a firm’s effort to enter a new market. Rivalry-High The industry’s competitive rivalry is increased by the presence of large coffee chains such as Starbucks, Caffe Nero and Costa Coffee. These firms have been in existence for a number of years and hence they have developed a strong competitive advantage compared to MegCo which is a new entrant (Miller 2009). Threat of new entrant-High The UK coffee shop market has a high market potential arising from the strong coffee drinking culture. Miller (2009) asserts that coffee is ranked the 3rd favourite non-alcoholic drink in the UK. The industry is characterised by a relatively low barriers to entry. For example, minimal capital is required in order to enter the market. The attractiveness of the market is further enhanced by the fact that the UK government has nurtured an effective legal environment that protects small and medium enterprises. Consequently, the threat of new entrants is relatively high. Threat of substitute-High There are numerous substitute products in the UK coffee shop market. Some of the main substitutes to MegCo’s coffee include hot chocolate and teas.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Buyer power – High The industry has two main types of consumers who include the individual and the institutional buyers. These consumer groups can easily force the coffee shops to adjust their pricing strategies. Moreover, the low switching cost has also led increment in the buyers’ bargaining power. Supplier power-Low There are numerous local and international coffee beans suppliers in the UK coffee shop market. This gives the coffee shops a higher edge with regard to controlling suppliers. Figure 2 SWOT analysis According to Best (2009), the SWOT analysis model provides an overview of an organisation’s current position. The framework below illustrates MegCo’s SWOT analysis. Strengths High quality; the firm has developed expertise with regard to production of high quality specialty coffee. Strong human capital base; MegCo has a strong human capital base, which has arisen from integration of a comprehensive employee training program. Ambience; the fir m has created an appealing store ambience which will appeal the consumers’ emotions and perceptions. Weaknesses Low level of market penetration; the firm is new in the UK coffee shop market. Consequently, it has not developed sufficient knowledge on the UK market. This presents a major weakness in the firm’s effort to market its products in the UK. Opportunities Launching new products; the firm can attain a high market growth by introducing new coffee specialty products (Theodore 2002). Strategic alliance; partnering with well established firms in the coffee shop market will improve the firm’s competitiveness. Market expansion; the firm can attain market growth by adopting the concept of continuous market improvement. For example, the firm can open new stores in different parts of the country. Threats Intense competition; the firm will face intense competition from existing firms such as Starbucks, Costa Coffee and Caffe Nero. Change in consumer behaviour; cha nge in consumer behaviour, tastes and preferences with regard to consumption of specialty coffee consumption. Economic recession; change in economic conditions for example as a result of economic recession may adversely affect the firm’s competitiveness. Segment – targeting positioning The firm’s management team is cognisant of the importance of effective market segmentation. MegCo will segment its market using different demographic and psychographic variables. The firm will target young adults who prefer to relax and chat in a nice place. The second customer group will be comprised of middle age consumers who prefer to relax, and read a book in a calm place. With regard to psychographic variables, MegCo will mainly target the coffee lovers. MegCo intends to position itself as a high quality coffee outlet. The firm will adopt the slogan ‘drink different’ as its market positioning strategy. Thus, the firm will be able to influence the consumersâ €™ perception. Marketing objectives Financial objectives First year; MegCo intends to increase its sales revenue to  £ 6 million within the first year of its operation. As a result, the firm will be able to achieve the break-even point. The firm will set the price of a cup of coffee at  £ 3.49. The firm also intends to achieve a market share of 15% in the local coffee shop market. Second-year objectives; the firm intends to increase its market share to 35%. This will enable the gain sufficient market dominance. Furthermore, the firm intends to increase its sales revenue with a margin of 30% compared to the first year. Non-financial objectives The firm intends to operate in a socially responsible manner. This will be achieved by ensuring that its operations do not contribute to environmental pollution. The will be focused at developing a high level of customer loyalty. This will be attained by providing customers with high level of customer service. Marketing strategy MegCo is focused towards achieving an efficient market position in the UK coffee shop market in spite of the intense competition from other firms such as Costa, Nero and Starbucks. Consequently, the firm will ensure that it provides customers with high quality specialty coffee. Marketing mix Product strategy MegCo will ensure that its coffee is of high quality. This will be achieved by ensuring that the coffee is effectively blended. Moreover, the firm will ensure its coffee beans are sourced from high quality suppliers. This will aid in maintaining the quality of coffee. MegCo will also invest in continuous product innovation in order to meet the customer’s tastes and preferences (Srinvasan 2005). To achieve the desired level of market growth, the firm will adopt the concepts of market development, market diversification, product development and market penetration as illustrated by the Ansoff matrix below. Existing products New products Existing markets Market penetration s trategy Product development strategy New Markets Market development strategy Diversification strategy The firm will focus on transforming its products from being a cash cow into a star as illustrated by the Ansoff matrix below. As a result, the firm will be able to achieve high market growth and market share. Figure 3 Source: (NetMBA 2013) Pricing strategy Considering the fact that MegCo is new entity in the UK coffee shop market, the firm will adopt the concept of penetration pricing strategy. This will be attained by setting the price of a cup of coffee at a lower price point compared to the major competitors. A cup of coffee will be retailed at $3.49. Thus, the firm will be able to attract consumers who are increasingly becoming price conscious. Promotion Creating sufficient market awareness is critical in an organisation’s effort to penetrate a particular market. MegCo will adopt the concept of Integrated Marketing Communication. Different marketing communication me thods, which include public relations, advertising, direct marketing and sales promotion will be adopted (Shin 2013). MegCo will utilise diverse mediums in its advertising process. Some of the mediums that will be adopted include television, radio, print media and online mediums. Distribution The ability of the firm to achieve the aforementioned financial objectives will depend on the effectiveness with which consumers can access the firm’s products. Consequently, the firm will establish a number of outlets in different parts of the UK. Action program To successfully enter the coffee shop market, MegCo will undertake a number of activities as outlined below. December 2013: Conducting a comprehensive consumer and competitor market research. January 2014: Establishing the first coffee shop in London. February 2014: Launching a comprehensive marketing awareness campaign in London. March 2014: Official launch of MegCo’s coffee shop. This will be achieved by holding a publi c event at the company’s store. Marketing budget MegCo projects that it will incur  £ 3,000,000 in the process of entering the UK market as illustrated in the chart below. Cost item Amount in  £ Cost of conducing marketing research 100,000 Cost of creating marketing awareness 500,000 Cost of establishing the outlet 2,000,000 Legal cost 300,000 Total estimated cost 2,900,000 Implementation and control MegCo will be committed towards achieving an optimal market position. Consequently, the firm will ensure that the above marketing plan is successfully implemented. The process of implementing the marketing plan will be assigned to a strong marketing team which will be comprised of marketing experts. Moreover, the firm will conduct a continuous evaluation of its marketing progress by analysing the changes in the size of its customer base, market share, and sales revenue. As a result, the firm will be able to undertake the necessary adjustments. Reference List Best, N 2009, T4; test of professional competence in management accounting, CIMA Publishing, Burlington, MA. Cha, A 2012, European financial crisis has ripple effect on US businesses, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/european-financial-crisis-has-ripple-effect-on-us-businesses/2012/08/02/gJQATd4uSX_story.html?utm_term=.9b14c2f50366 Delloitte: Taxation and investment in United Kingdom 2011. Web. Environmental Leader: Ford, Starbucks, among most ethical companies. Web. Gillam, S, Yates, J Badrinath, P 2012, Essential public health; theory and practice, Cambridge University Press, New York. Gilligan, C Hird, M 2008, International marketing: strategy and management, Taylor and Francis, New York. Grundy, T 2006, ‘Rethinking and re-inventing Michael Porter’s five forces model’, Strategic Change, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 213-229. Kotter, J Schlesinger, L 2008, ‘Choosing strategies for change’, Harvard Business Review, vol. 2, pp. 130-150. Lars on, R 2009, Marketing strategy and alliances; analysis of Starbucks Corporation, Liberty University, New York. Miller, C 2009, Will the hardcore Starbucks customer pay more? The chain plans find out, . https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/business/21sbux.html NetMBA: Ansoff matrix 2013, http://www.quickmba.com/strategy/matrix/ansoff/ Shin, K 2013, the executor of integrated marketing communications strategy: Marcom’s manager’s working model, SpringBriefs, New York, NY. Srinvasan, L 2005, Strategic management, the Indian context, PHI Learning PVT, London. Theodore, S 2002, ‘Expanding the coffee experience; Starbucks keeps sales brewing with new products, innovation and global expansion’, Beverage Industry, vol. 1, n. 3, pp. 57-62. This Money: Moody’s could downgrade UK’s ‘AAA’ credit rating in early 2013 if the economy fails to shape up, https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/news/article-2233271/Moodys-threatens-withdraw-UK-AAA-rating -early-2013.html Walsh, J 2011, Britain’s caffeine boom; why can’t we wake up without smelling coffee, https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/britains-caffeine-boom-why-cant-we-wake-up-without-smelling-the-coffee-2342104.html Appendix PESTLE Analysis Factor What is happening Impact on the company P Political stability Economic integration- UK is a member of the OECD, Euro Zone and the European Union. Tariff free market MegCo will experience a low level of political risk. The firm will market its coffee products to a large market. MegCo will market its products more cost effectively. E Economic fluctuation has led to decline in the consumers’ purchasing power. Effects of economic recession and the Euro Zone sovereign debt crisis Economic recovery The firm may experience a challenge in its quest to achieve its profit maximisation objective. Consumers have become more conscious in their consumption process. This may limit the firm i n its quest to maximise profit. Economic recovery will improve the consumers’ purchasing power. S Strong coffee consumption culture. Change in consumer tastes and preferences The coffee drinking culture may lead to increase in the firm’s sales revenue. Change in customer loyalty may adversely affect the firm’s competitiveness. T Technological advancement with regard to coffee-blending machines. Development in e-commerce. The firm can develop competitive advantage by taking advantage of the emerging technologies. E Climate change-Implementation of strict environmental laws such as carbon tax in an effort to minimise environmental pollution. -The firm will be required to operate in an environmental sustainable manner. L Implementation of intellectual property rights. Tax holiday on investors who invest in the economic zones. MegCo’s investment in the UK will be safe from counterfeiters. By investing in the special economic zones, the firm will benef it from the set tax-holiday. This report on Marketing Plan of a New Food Company: MegCo Limited was written and submitted by user Marilyn Martin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

United States War on Terror Policy Paper

United States War on Terror Policy Paper Executive Summary Combating terrorism is an operation that demands strategic attention and direct accountability in order to enhance national and global security. It is notable that terrorism has become a global issue that has been perceived as a threat to international security and relations. In this case, the United States as a world super power has risen to wage war on terror groups in order to enhance both national and global security.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on United States War on Terror Policy Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Currently, the US administration has adopted a policy of military installations all over the world in order to foster its national security as well as safeguard is territorial integrity. Nevertheless, this policy has proved to very costly and to some extent; measures taken have increased the vulnerability of acts of terror than ever before. In order to bring about positive c hange in the management of international peace and security, it is recommended that better polices should be applied by its Administrators to fight terrorism. These policies include use of military forces, detaining as well as prosecution of terror suspects. Needless to say, the three polices have vivid pros and cons as they will be addressed in this policy report. However, it is crucial to mention that each of the policies identified is successful in its own way. In line with this, one of the merits that is common in the policies that have been adopted so far is the centralized legal authority that has endeavored to make the new rules and regulations more effective. Nevertheless, it is imperative to note that war on terror needs a multidisciplinary approach in order to be successful. In this case, the policies must be applied concomitantly, a factor that will largely assist in covering up the impending weaknesses. Besides this, all the above three polices of arresting and prosecuti ng terror suspects have been highly recommended. This is due to the fact that the policies have been proven to be very effective in destabilizing, disrupting and demoralizing terror groups that are both emerging and also existed for long. Introduction It is imperative to note that the topic on war against terror is important since it enhances global understanding, appreciation as well as insurgency against such acts (Romaniuk 2012, p. 151). For instance, the United States of America is one of the global powers that has a been major commentator of strategies and policies meant to suppress terrorism and all acts or intentions related to the vice. It is apparent that the US is the only world super power whose foreign policy needs to be changed in order to make its military power less vulnerable to terrorism. As a matter of fact, the US administration has adopted myriads of strategic policies and responsibilities in order to enhance national and global security.Advertising Looki ng for proposal on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Research has revealed that terror acts have posed threat not just to the US security but also at the global level. Needless to say, Murray (2011, p. 84) asserts that the previous administration under President George Bush was largely counterproductive in fighting terror acts both nationally and globally. Some political analysts argue that the use of open force ideology the Republican government under President George Bush was not fruitful at all in yielding the much expected results in the fight against acts of terror. Nevertheless, it is worth to note that terrorism is very dynamic and there is need to take a leap of imagination in order to come up with policies that will help to end terrorism (Murray 2011, p. 84). It is against this backdrop that this policy paper intends to address current and viable polices that can be employed by the US government in the war on terror. Background of the current situation (current policy) From a careful review of literature, it is imperative to note that the contemporary policies used to fight terror have been perceived as counterproductive (Swain 2012, p 237). In this case, instead of suppressing terror acts, these policies tend to aggregate the situation at hand. Therefore, it is essential to note that there are three essential polices that can be used by the US government in the war against terrorism. In a nutshell, disaggregation approach is a crucial framework that can be used as a legal strategy in US to fight terrorism. In any case, this is one of the grand strategies that the US authority has employed for some decades now to break ties between local and global players who are associated with terrorism. Orr (2012, p.93) reiterates that this strategy is meant to separate terror groups and make them turn against each other; a factor that makes it easy to monitor as well as curb their operat ions. From this strategy, one can derive three important policies that can be used by the US administrators in the war against terror. To begin with, one of the most effective polices entails the approach whereby the US government can seek methods of detaining terror suspects once they have pleaded guilty (Homolar 2011, p. 705). Moreover, another policy that has been perceived to be effective is the prosecution of terror criminals in state departments. Additionally, the policy on the use of military force is effective in suppressing various terror groups that are spread across the globe. In order to understand the rationale and effectiveness of these polices in curbing terrorism, it is important to discuss each one of them in details.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on United States War on Terror Policy Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Option 1: current policy of War on Terror Detaining terror suspects in the countries where they are captured is an effective policy since it will help in dispersing and curtailing any form of cooperation by various terror groups. Notably, geographical distance makes it quite cumbersome for terror gangs to spearhead local insurgency (Romaniuk 2012, p. 152). Needless to say, there should be strict domestic and global rules that can be followed to ensure that this policy does not result into political unrest at some point. For instance, certain countries may counteract on realizing that their citizens who have been held as suspects have been detained in foreign countries. In this case, this will ensure that the attitude of the public and perception is not affected by the policy. Nevertheless, this policy has some shortcomings since it becomes quite difficult to detain suspects in countries that are unstable such as Afghanistan, Somalia and Yemen (Morris Crank 2011, p. 219). Therefore, this prompts for centralized locations that have the potential to withhold such suspects from connecting with other terror groups. It is worth to note that the policy of detaining terrorists in countries where they have been arrested can provide an ample ground to aggravate vicious terror acts and thereby causing more harm than good (Tosini 2012, p. 115). In this case, the US government should device legal frameworks and strategies that can be used to determine centralized locations where suspected terrorists can be detained as they await being prosecuted. In addition to this, research has revealed that detaining terror suspects on vulnerable regions has adverse effects towards fighting acts of terror. For instance, numerous countries that have been perceived as failed states counteract against the policy and this makes it hard to achieve positive results. Needless to say, this is a successful option of war on terror even though it can be made effective when reinforced by other policies in addition to political will by the affected countries to arrest and detain terror suspects. The second option According to Swain (2012, p. 237), prosecuting terror suspect is one of the option polices that can help to end terrorism. One of the merits of this policy is that it helps to prevent terror groups from expanding. For instance, when chief suspects are arrested and prosecuted, it largely demoralizes the low-ranking members and often breaks the terror networks. Research has revealed that arresting and prosecuting chief suspects disrupts local and global terrorist operations making it impossible to commit predicate crimes. Nevertheless, Romaniuk (2012, p. 152) argues that one of the demerits of this policy is that it requires the administrators to have sophisticated skills of detecting and arresting terror suspects. This is due to the fact that terrorists often have dynamic skills that are easy to replace with new ones.Advertising Looking for proposal on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this case, it is probable that the administrators will only be able to arrest and prosecute low-level members leaving behind chief organizers of terror acts. Despite the fact that this policy might be faced by numerous challenges, is definite that it is effective in fighting terror acts. This is due to the fact that it might not wholly help to eradicate terrorism but will highly contribute to decimating the vice (Tosini 2012, p.115). It is imperative to mention that the policy has been amended to boost its effectiveness whereby it targets not merely terror suspects but also those individuals or governments and organizations that fund terrorist activities. The heavy support that terrorists receive mainly through monetary funding is indeed a great threat towards fighting the vice. The third Option In spite of the above options of fighting terror, the US authority should legalize the policy of using military force in countering terrorism. In a more succinct manner, the US administra tion should use legal authority to wage war against organizations, states and individuals who support terror groups (McCrisken 2011, p. 781). It is essential to note that capturing and fighting suspects will not be effective if the policy does not target to paralyze radical clerics who are responsible for training and recruiting terror groups (Tosini 2012, p. 115). From a careful review of history, the US military has waged war against terror in Iran and Afghanistan but this has been more of a losing strategy since the army targets suspects leaving behind the main protagonists (Berkowitz 2012, p.104). Nonetheless, use of military force in terror prone countries will help to disrupt and down-size insurgent networks of terrorism. Needless to say, this policy has proved to be successful in countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq which have been viable breeding grounds for terrorism (Swain 2012, p 237). Nevertheless, it is imperative to take note that this policy can cause deadlier effec ts especially in a case whereby the terror groups decide to avenge in terms of waging war to the opponents. This has been witnessed in Iraq where terror groups counterattack the US army (Orr 2012, p.93). Historical scholars criticize this policy since they claim that it targets to treat the symptoms rather than the cause of acts of terror. In addition to this, this policy can cause catastrophic effects such as mass destruction as it has been witnessed in North Korea and Iran (Anderson 2011, p. 216). In line with this, it has been noted that the public in US has been pessimistic on the military force policy due to the fact that it is expensive and that the operation claims treasure and lives of innocent people. Essentially, this policy is effective especially when there exists an ample data base that can be used to track down and fight terror groups and their associates (Aldrich 2009, p. 122). From a theoretical perspective, the option is successful since it has been used previously in terror prone countries and positive outcomes have been realized. Which policy option do you recommend? According to Orr (2012, p.93), war on terror requires the US administrators to use numerous polices to counter both local and global operations. Needless to say, the identified policies call for myriads of legal frameworks in order to achieve positive results. One of the most effective options of fighting terrorism involves the use of wide ranging authority to arrest and prosecute terror suspects (Buffton 2011, p. 116). In addition, this policy will help to curb local and global terror groups who are responsible for causing insurgency. Moreover, in order to promote long-term interests, the US administrators should use sophisticated strategies to ensure that individuals who are responsible for funding terror groups get prosecuted under legal justification of the rule of law (Anderson 2011, p. 216). References Aldrich, J 2009, US-European Intelligence Co-operation to Counter-Terro rism: Low Politics and Compulsion. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, vol. 11 no. 1, pp.122-139. Anderson, B 2011, â€Å"Facing the Future Enemy: US Counterinsurgency Doctrine and the Pre-insurgent.† Theory, Culture Society, vol. 28 no. 8, pp.216-219. Berkowitz, P 2012, â€Å"Shawcross on Terror ,† Policy Review, vol. 1 no. 171, pp.103-109. Buffton, D 2011, â€Å"War on terror, inc.: corporate profiteering from the politics of fear.International.† Journal on World Peace, vol. 28 no. 3, pp.115-118. Homolar, A 2011, â€Å"Rebels without a conscience: The evolution of the rogue states narrative in US security policy.† European Journal of International Relations, vol. 17 no. 4, pp.705-711. McCrisken, T 2011, â€Å"Ten years on: Obamas war on terrorism in rhetoric and practice. International Affairs, vol. 87 no. 4, pp.781-801. Morris, T. Crank, J 2011, â€Å"Toward The phenomenology of Terrorism.† Implications for research a nd policy, vol. 26 no. 3, pp. 219-228. Murray, N 2011, â€Å"Obama and the global war on terror.† Race Class, vol. 53 no. 2, pp.84-86. Orr, A 2012, â€Å"Terrorism: A Philosophical Discourse.† Journal of Applied Security Research, vol. 7 no.1, pp. 93-98. Romaniuk, S 2012, â€Å"Slaying the Dragon: Combating Al-Qaeda and the Threat of Militant Islam.† Journal of Politics and Law, vol. 5 no. 1, pp.151-166. Swain, R 2012, â€Å"U.S. Army Doctrine From the American Revolution to the War on Terror.† The Journal of Military History, vol. 76 no. 1, pp. 237-242. Tosini, D 2012, â€Å"The autonomy of law in the war on terror: A contribution from social systems theory.† International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, vol. 40 no. 2 pp.115-118.

Formative Assessment Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Formative Assessment - Research Paper Example In this paper, I describe how I will create a formative assessment for a class I will be teaching and the role the psychometric models will play in my creation of the assessment. Moreover, I explain how I will use observation situation in my assessment and discuss the challenges I expect to encounter during creation of my assessment. 1. Creating a formative assessment for my class According to Brookhart (2010), it is necessary to organizing a formative assessment as a regular part of a learning instruction. The formative assessment will be organized in such a way that it will be incorporated into my teaching instructions. Before creating it, I will first decide what its purpose will be by selecting a formative assessment strategy that will serve my intended purpose better. I will then apply the formative assessment strategy I have selected to choose particular learning goals I will be assessing in my formative assessment. In addition, I will select what I will look for as my students undertake the assessment. Together we will think about how this assessment will help us in improving the learning process. Formative assessment chain consists of four activities which are: taking student response, monitoring the response, diagnose this response, share feedback based on this diagnose, helping student to use this feedback to learn better (Tuttle, 2010). In designing my formative assessment, I aim to consider all the four activities. I will first put into consideration the students’ responses based on what I suspect their learning skills and abilities are when selecting what to assess and how to assess it. After this, I will design a method that I can use to diagnose their response so that I can be able to determine their strength, weakness, and abilities. Then I will share the feedback from diagnose with my students and lastly using my knowledge and experience I will help my students to use this feedback to improve their learning. My formative assessment will have three components that are the feed-up, feedback and feed-forward. The main aim of feed-up will be to ensure that my students will always understand the purpose of the assignments, tasks, and lessons in use as part of my assessment. According to Frey and Fisher (2010), purpose drives both feedback and feed-forward. Thus, by ensuring that my students understand what they do and what they come across, I am certain I will be able to obtain accurate feedback that will be easy to implement in my feed-forward. I will use the feedback to obtain the information about the strengths and needs of my students. I will also use them to provide my students with this information. My main source of feedbacks will be assignments outcomes, observing how my students undertake the tasks, and assessing those tasks. I will observe how they learn during lessons. Most of this feedback will be in data form and, thus, they will require analysis and interpretation. I will use my statistical analysis and st atistical modeling to enhance my understanding of this data to give my students feedback that is as accurate as possible. I will use my feed-forward to guide my students’ learning based on the feedback I obtain from their performance data. In this component, I will put into consideration the students’ strengths, needs and weaknesses to design a teaching framework that can improve the learning of my students. In addition, I will be helping

What is GDP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is GDP - Essay Example So, it is very essential to have a GDP for a country calculated over a definite time period. In order to further explain the definition, I will take the example of Qatar. The GDP of Qatar is the total value of output of goods and services produced within Qatar over a period of time. The definition of GDP includes all the production done by local residents and resources owned by the residents of Qatar and also by foreigners and foreign resources owned by non-residents of Qatar. GDP can be measure by three methods and each method should give the same answer. It can be calculated by the output method. In this method, the value of total output produced in Qatar is its GDP. It can also be calculated by the income method. Since selling of output results in income for sellers, therefore in this method GDP is calculated by adding up the income of all people working in Qatar. Similarly, the GDP of Qatar can also be calculated by using the expenditure method. Since, income for one person is ex penditure for others, in this method the GDP is calculated by adding up all the expenditures spent on Qatar's production. It is often considered by people that sole GDP figures are enough for telling the economic well-being of a country. For example, the people who say this base their claim on the fact that any changes or increase in the GDP is signal of improvement in economic well-being. ... studied alone without any supporting data, one cannot predict whether the country is enjoying economic wellness or it is facing low standard of living. There are a number of reasons why we cannot rely solely on the GDP figures and need comprehensive sets of data to determine the economic wellness of the country. Suppose that a GDP of country increases by 20%/ Many people will say that the country will now enjoy great economic well being or its residents will be better-off. However, this is not true. In order to determine the net of economic wellness, we need to take into account the population growth rate as well. If population growth rate is 25%, then we can clearly conclude that people will be worse-off by this increase and there will be a net-decline in the standard of living of people living in this country. So, it is not GDP that matter, but it is the real GDP that tells us about the economic wellness of a country. Real GDP takes into account the population and it is the measure which tells us about the economic wellness of a country. Similarly, what if an increase in GDP is because of the increase in inflation. Inflation increases the price of everything and because of this the value of GDP increases. This type of increase in the value of GDP because of inflation is also not very good as economic wellness and people's standard of living is directly related to the physical quantity of goods being produced and not the quantity. So, we need to taking into account the inflation factor also and adjust the nominal GDP with inflation factor to arrive at the real GDP and only this way we can tell whether or not the country is enjoying economic wellbeing or not. A good way to counter this problem is calculating per capita income. Per Capita income is calculated by diving

Supreme Court Trilogy Decisions in 1960 Case Study

Supreme Court Trilogy Decisions in 1960 - Case Study Example The Steelworkers' Trilogy has significantly changed the way Arbitration is dealt with in America. The principles of law lifted from these cases served as the guidance and the primary basis in almost all of the decisions of the U.S. courts in arbitration cases that came into their attention for the succeeding years. This study will present the principles of law in relation to arbitration that were lifted from these cases. Specifically, this study aims to know, discuss, and analyze 1) the nature of the collective bargaining agreement, 2) the grievances that must be subjected to arbitration, 3) the scope of authority and powers of the arbitrators, and 4) the role of the courts in arbitration cases. 1) The basis for determining who has the authority for grievance proceedings is the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) which is the contract entered into between the management and a recognized bargaining union of a company. 2) Arbitration is a contractual issue. As such, the courts should not intervene if both parties voluntarily agreed under the CBA to authorize an arbitrator to resolve disputes arising from different interpretations of the negotiated agreement. 3) Courts cannot look into the merits of the arbitration award. The courts' judicial review is only limited to the question of whether the contract authorizes arbitration of the particular issue in dispute. The resea4) If the agreement does not explicitly authorize arbitration or does not provide the forum for grievances, the courts should determine it. Methodology and Scope The researcher carefully read and thoroughly analyzed the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in these cases. He also researched and examined the opinions and findings of legal personalities and writers after these cases were decided. Aside from the trilogy cases, the researcher also made use of one additional case and six commentaries and/or researches, all were taken from reputable sources in the Internet. Review of Related Literature Rainseberger enumerated the common law treatment of voluntary remedies: "Traditionally, in the United States, the courts have looked with disfavor at efforts of private citizens to use voluntary methods to resolve contractual disputes. Many states courts have seen arbitration of disputes as an undesirable alternative to litigation. It is often viewed as an effort to supplant to jurisdiction of the courts. Under the common law, arbitrating agreements were regarded as purely executory. In other words, an agreement to arbitrate a dispute could unilaterally revoke at any time prior to the issuance of a final award." Gershenfeld stated that: "From the 1930s to the 1950s, it was not uncommon for management to argue that an arbitrator's task in disciplinary matters was limited to determining whether or not the incident of which the employee was accused had occurred. If it had, management claimed the arbitrator's task was over, and the assigned penalty should be upheld. This view did not prevail in the following years." In the case of Raceway Park v. Local 47 Service Employees International, the U.S. Court of Appeals (for Six Circuit), citing the International Association of Machinists v. Cuttler-Hammer (67 N.Y. S.2d 317), said: " Prior to 1960, states courts hesitated to enforce grievance arbitration provisions. Even where state courts were willing to enforce CBAs, they often did so

The History Of The Electric Guitar Film Studies Essay

The History Of The Electric Guitar Film Studies Essay Contemporary music can be either loved or hated, listened with pleasure or suffered with a heavy teeth, praised or blamed. However, neither supporters nor opponents of modern jazz, rock and rap would deny that the queen of modern music electric guitar is an important invention of the 20th century. Thanks to the emergence of electric guitar, there appeared such styles rock and roll, hard rock, heavy metal, psychedelic rock, alternative, punk, grunge and hundreds of other types and styles, totally different, but united by one thing the sound of electric guitar. The electric guitar completely changed the world of contemporary music, and we do not know how it could look like, if in the far 1924 the pickup had not been invented. There appeared hundreds of new companies specializing on the production of electric guitars, such as the Music Man, Ibanez, Jackson, BS Rich; and all of them are based on the findings and ideas presented by George Bishampom, Paul Barth, Adolf Rickenbacker, Lloyd Loher, Les Paul, Leo Fender and Ted McCarthy. Precisely thanks to these people, the contemporary music is such as we know it. Electric guitar is a kind of guitar with the pickup that converts vibrations of metal strings into electric current oscillations. The signal from the pickups can be processed to produce various sound effects and then amplified for playback through the speakers. Some believe that the electric guitar is made of plastic or metal, but in fact it is usually made of wood. The most common materials are alder, ash, mahogany, maple. As the plates on the bar rosewood, ebony and maple are used. The most common are six-string electric guitars. Its better to start telling the history of the electric guitar invention, by saying that there are many styles of music, which are not even impossible without this instrument. In some directions and styles it plays a dominant role, we mean rock and roll and its derivatives up to the Heavy, as well as Doom / Death and Black Metal. Without guitars all of the above are impossible. Electric guitar is used in several other musical styles in varying degrees. In addition, the musical direction which has found electric guitar can exist without it. We are talking about the blues. In the early twentieth century, the acoustic guitar has become a full member of dance bands. Numerous American jazz and blues bands in the 1920s and 1930s used acoustic guitar, but it almost could not be heard, therefore, it was on the post of a rhythm instrument. It did not satisfy audience and musicians. Experiments on gaining derived sounds from the guitar began. Inventors, as usual, can to help. The first known experiment with amplification of guitar sound with the help of electricity is related to 1924 when Lloyd Loar (engineer and inventor who worked in the company of Gibson) invented the pickup, a fixed oscillation of the resonator box stringed instruments. However, his invention failed on the market. In 1931, George Beauchamp and Adolph Rickenbacker invented an electromagnetic pickup in which an electric pulse running through the winding of the magnet, created an electromagnetic field, which amplifies the signal from the vibrating strings. When their instrument appeared, it was immediately called  «frying pan », because firstly, the case was all-metal. Secondly, by its form the tool reminded the pan with a disproportionately long handle neck. But in the end it was the first viable and competitive electric guitar. The success of these first models prompted Gibson to create his (now legendary) model ES-150. The first electric Hawaiian-style guitar from the Ro-Pat-In (later Rickenbacker) appeared on the U.S. market in 1932. By the end of 1930 many experimenters have begun to experiment and build pickups in a more traditional looking Spanish guitars with hollow shells. But they met trouble in the form of resonance interference (feedback), distortion and other extraneous noise. In the end, that problem was solved with the help of double counter-winding, which extinguished unwanted signal. But first, musicians and engineers had tried to solve the problem differently: they put all sorts of rags and scraps of newspaper in the resonator box to get rid of unnecessary fluctuations and pickups. The most radical option was suggested by guitarist and engineer Les Paul he just made a deck for guitar monolithic. Unlike pans, however, the deck of Les Paul was made of wood (pine). And it was called The Log. For pickup Les Paul used the parts from the phone, and, ordinary piece of wood as the body. Due to the fact that the sound was amplified by the electronics, acoustic resonator was not needed anymore. When he first appeared in public his instrument looked like for something strange. Finally, to appease the public Les Paul attached body Spanish guitar to bars. Other engineers began to experiment with solid or nearly solid piece of wood. In 1940, Paul Bigsby and Leo Fender were doing that. By 1950, the company founded by Fender already produced a guitar named Esquire, followed by a Broadcaster, then Telecaster, and in 1954 the world saw the first Stratocaster. Since then, the electric guitar became massively produced and became an integral part of modern music. Electric guitar is the purest product of scientific and technological revolution. The guitar masters of the past were changing the sound of instrument, experimenting with its design and materials it is made of. Modern Torreses modify only the audio signal coming from the sensor to the amplifier. They deal with the frequency converter and chips, resulting in experimental sounds, that dont sound as guitar. Only the list of effects that can be achieved when playing the electric guitar, using the so-called gadgets, can take a couple of paragraphs. Since the sound of electric guitar does not depend on the shape of its body, the designers give it more and more bizarre shapes. It is true, that the most successful variants of the body of electric guitar are patented by manufacturers (electric guitar with the body in the form of a dovetail produces, for example, by Gibson). Besides Gibson the internationally known are such companies as Fender, BcRich, Ibanez. Computerization has not bypassed the electric guitar also. Today, there are some models of electric guitars, which are equipped with electronic device, which was made it possible to record the sound of string. The sound is recorded in the form of computer code that goes into digital devices, processing and reproducing sound. Due to such innovations, the guitar sound became especially impressive and simply magical. It is impossible not to be fond of modern jazz, blues, funk, rap, rock and other music when the musical world is ruled by electric guitar. As it was already mentioned, the appearance of the guitar influenced many genres and artists. Electric guitar is widely applied in such kinds of music as jazz, blues, rock, academic music and others. Electric guitar came to jazz in 1937 thanks to Eddie Durham, who (through the orchestra os Jimmy Lunsford) got to Count Basie. Basie, however, preferred to use him as a trombonist. The only guitar solo by Durham eight-tact piece, played on an electric National, tapped only in  «Time Out » (recorded August 9, 1937). Historical was partly restored on March 18, 1938, when a group of Eddie Durham and His Base Four appeared in the New York studio to record two discs for the label Commodore. George Barnes became the first electric blues man when on March 1, 1938 played in the studio first with Big Bill Broonzy, and then with Curtis Jones. In 1939, the electric guitar was taken up by the grandees of the Chicago Blues Big Bill and Tamp Red. Then Memphis Minnie recorded electric version of the song  «Me And My Cauffer », which brought the first big success. Charlie Christian, who gained fame in the years 1939-1942, but could not receive big glory (in 1923 died of tuberculosis), became the third most important star of early electric guitar (after Durham and McAuliffe). Jazz historians say that he became a key figure in the history of modern electric guitar, influencing the work of such masters as Eldon Shemblin, Merle Travis, Hank Thompson, Chet Atkins, Bill Black, Jimmy Bryant, Barney Kessel, Tal Farlow, Wes Montgomery. Simultaneously with the emergence of rock music, electric guitar became a key instrument for rock bands. It sounded on the records of many early rock musicians Elvis Presley, Bill Haley, but a revolutionary impact on the development of rock electric guitar playing techniques was contributed by Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley. Their solo parties and techniques for using the guitar sound in the context of the songs, experimenting with the sound had a major influence on subsequent rock music. In 1960, there appear a number of new discoveries in the use of electric guitars. The celebrated guitarist Jimi Hendrix radically altered views on the guitar sound, creating in every possible way new sounds, using a wide range of effects. First of all, there appeared the first effects pedal of distortion and fuzz, which first were used by garage rock group (Link Wray, The Sonics, The Kinks), and a little later by more popular artists (The Beatles, The Rolling Stones). By the end of the decade musicians begin experimenting with the use of Guitar Canceller in songs (The Velvet Underground), as well as more aggressive and dirty sound. The latter led to the appearance of the genre of hard rock in the 1970s, whose most prominent guitarists were Ritchie Blackmore, Jimmy Page. In 1980, with the development of punk rock and alternative rock, musicians started experimenting with finding new sounds of electric guitars. An important role was played by some groups of the late 70s, for example, Joy Division, whose guitarist Bernard Sumner created not just the rhythm or the solo parts in the traditional sense, but atmospheric soundscapes perceived on a subconscious level. Revolutionary role in the development of rock guitar in 1980s was played by Sonic Youth, whose guitarists Torston Moore and Lee Ranaldo, using non-traditional settings and playing techniques, feedbacks, all sorts of strange guitar effects, could create a unique sound, which became the basis for all subsequent evolution of rock. Such groups as The Jesus and Mary Chain, Big Black, The Jesus Lizard, Pixies, Nirvana used the work of Sonic Youth, creating the genre of noise rock. It gave the development to the subgenre shoegazing, in which the sound of electric guitars was the most distant from the usual standards. The songs of shoegazing groups impose a huge number of parties, which sometimes sounded like synthesizers, traditional guitar riffs on the back burner, and all together they created a very strange and revolutionary effect. Brian Eno called that sound pop music of the future. Leading groups of the genre are My Bloody Valentine (guitarists Kevin Shields and Debbie Googe), Slowdive, Ride, Pale Saints. At the same time in the 80 years, basing on the folk-rock the 60s a softer guitar sound appeared, it gave multiple parties Symphony effect when imposing. A huge role in the development of such a sound was played by Johnny Marr from The Smiths. Electric guitar was very popular among composers of classical music also. In the 1950-1960s, many composers of classical music began to use electric guitar in their compositions. Among these works Gruppen by Karlheinz Stockhausen (1955-1957), String Trio by Donald Erb (1966), The Possibility of a New Work for Electric Guitar by Morton Feldman (1966). Among the later works of this kind there are MASS by Leonard Bernstein (1971), Electric Counterpoint by Steve Reich (1987), Miserere by Arvo Pà ¤rt (1989-1992), Symphony à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾- 4 by Lepo Sumer (1992) with electric guitar solo in the third part. In the 1980-1990-ies even more young composers began to write compositions for electric guitar. Among them there are Steven Mackey, Nick Didkovsky, Scott Johnson and Tim Brady. Experimental composers, such as Glenn Branca and Rhys Chethem have written several symphonic compositions for electric guitars, which sometimes required up to 100 guitars. Electric guitar made famous a lot of outstanding musicians. Jimi Hendrix, an American guitarist, singer-songwriter and record producer was one of them. He is considered to be the greatest electric guitarist in musical history and one of the most leading musicians of his period in different genres. The main his genres were psychedelic rock, hard rock, blues-rock, acid rock, funk-rock. A lot of his compositions and songs can be considered as vivid examples of outstanding, prominent performance of electric guitar. His album Electric Ladyland (1968) is commonly considered The Jimi Hendrix Experiences greatest achievement and focuses attention on his unbelievable abilities as singer, musician. One of the most interesting songs in the album is Gypsy Eyes that is based on the field holler. The song is about Jimis mother. The author had major issues with his mom abandoning him as a child. Jimi nearly romanticized her as being an excellent motherand he really wants to find out if she loves him. The genre of the song is: psychedelic rock, funk rock, blues-rock. This song is followed by complex and original structures. It is full of sizzling, aggressive guitar sound and can be understood as a slice of blues and psychedelic features. Gypsy Eyes start out with a sole bass drum beating, then a fast hammer on pulloff continuation, to bass note to a high melody. While listening, there appears a real magic, voodoo gypsy feel to it that draws the listener in. The song is based on a standard, ancient blues field holler, with Jimi Hendrix creating some great synergy between his vocal and the lead guitar riff. In fact, the song is loaded with a collection of riffs, and Hendrix neatly compiles them together in one song. Utilizing the recording studio as an instrument, Hendrixs overdubbing technique reaches an early peak here, as the multiple guitar parts swirl around each other in spectacular fashion. In addition, the flanging/phasing effects are also a part of the arrangement, and by proxy the song itself. Characterizing the song, there can be said that the song features guitar themes that float between left and right channels. Richard Middleton remarks that licks in rock music are often used all the way through a formula and variations technique and that the composition Gypsy Eyes is put together from variants of five stock ideasfamiliar from other recordings in the same style (Middleton, 1990). Drum lick A Drum lick B A complex of riffs on guitar and bass guitar A basic melodic falling pattern, using the notes of the pentatonic scale A characteristic guitar effecty, the attacked single note with long decay and glissando fall (Middleton, 1990). He concludes that the combination and variations of these formulae are many and highly imaginative. But the basic formulae are so simple that the recording could well have been worked out in performance (Middleton, 1990). Jimi Hendrix wrote very different music, for example in his composition Purple Haze from the album Are You Experienced (1966), is known for its use of the Hendrix chord (dominant 7 # 9) that is played as the first chord right after the introduction. Such chord structure was regularly used in jazz by such musicians as Horace Silver at the beginning of 1960s, but was not implemented in rock on a regular basis. The beginning of the composition is remarkable for its well-known use of the distinctive tritone interval; it was often used by jazz artists. It is sounded when Hendrix plays an E7 #9 (low to high: E, G#, D, G) on the guitar while the bass plays an E (and its octave);( Rooksby, 2002) such a dissonant interval was unusual in popular music of the time. The guitar solo is played through an Octavia, an effects pedal that increases notes by one octave. The effect was developed by Roger Mayer, an acoustical and electronics engineer, and Mayer claims he made it in cooperation with Jimi Hendrix (Octavia). A dubbed guitar part using the Octavia can also be noticed in the outro. concl Electric guitar is a very well known or may be, even the most famous musical instrument in the world. Without this musical instrument people could not appreciate the talent and creativity of great musicians of our time. Thanks to the emergence of electric guitars, rich sound processing, as well as analog and digital processors allowed to change the sound of classical guitar incredibly. The appearance of an entirely new electronic sound foreshadowed the emergence of great virtuosos of the music world. Such legends of rock music, and simply outstanding personalities like Jimmy Hendrix, Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelin), Jeff Beck, BB King, Keith Richards (Rolling Stones ) fairly occupy a special place in the hall of fame of the world cultural enrichments and deserve respect. Thanks to the emergence of electric guitar, there appeared such styles rock and roll, hard rock, heavy metal, psychedelic rock, alternative, punk, grunge and hundreds of other types and styles. The electric guitar complete ly changed the world of contemporary music, making it brighter and more interesting. The electric guitar has been the most popular musical instrument for more than a half of a century and its popularity seems to be immortal.

Pearl Harbor the Movie Essay -- Movies Film

"Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a day which will live in infamy, the United States of America, was suddenly and deliberately attacked by Naval and Air Forces of the Empire of Japan," delivered by Franklin D. Roosevelt is regarded as one of the most important speeches given in US History to date. The speech was delivered to the State of the Union marking the United States' entrance into the Second World War against Japan and Germany. The concept of the theatrical feature Pearl Harbor was to replicate the epic battle in 1941 for the 60th anniversary of the infamous event. The film was directed by Michael Bay and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, which stars Ben Affleck, Josh Hartnett, Kate Beckinsale, Cuba Gooding Jr., and Alec Baldwin. The film was released on May 25, 2001 and was shown at a premiere gala in Pearl Harbor, HI aboard the USS John C. Stennis. Bay recalls during a behind the scenes interview, "I have no idea if we can do this movie. I don't want to do it unless we can do it right and create the world as real as possible." (2001) The producers and director wanted to create the most accurate account of this great travesty on American soil. They felt that this was an important event in history and that it should be recreated on the big screen so all of those who lived through it, and those who could learn from it would get a better appreciation of what happened that day. The Pentagon saw this film as a way to reflect credit to those who survived that day and to the over 1,100 sailors that perished in the waters of Pearl Harbor. The creators wanted this film to be one that would be remembered as one of the first military action films the encompassed the entire event and maintained it accuracy well. The filmmakers... ...ied after the Doolittle Raid. The final product that Michael Bay and Jerry Bruckheimer produced was a clear-cut masterpiece that fully recounts accurately the attack on Pearl Harbor and how the service members reacted during the peril. The movie was based on the epic event and the attention to detail for the film is extraordinary. The accuracy of the aerial attack dropping the bombs in the harbor was excellent, and the explosions on the ships were magnificent. The history of the attack of Pearl Harbor can be accurately taught simply by watching the film. We feel that this is the most accurate and compelling film that fully describes the events of the Pearl Harbor bombing and would recommend that anyone whom wants to learn about this event should watch the film. References: Bay, M. (Director). (2001) Pearl Harbor [Motion Picture]. United States: Thouchstone.